Benefits Of Virtue Ethics And Morals Philosophy Essay

Advantages Of Virtue Ethics And Morals Philosophy Essay At the point when I consider uprightness morals, I consider myself and what or how I consider singular character. Numerous individuals state that I am caring, mindful and thoughtful individual. That consistently consider others and how I can support them. This would be on the grounds that my ethical conviction is that I treat others as I like to be dealt with. So on the off chance that you need regard, at that point you need to give regard. Be that as it may, I likewise consider how I feel when I help somebody. So you may ask yourself, what does that have to do with temperance morals? Aristotle who is an excellence ethicist from Greece says that a prudent individual isn't one that does the correct demonstration yet one who reliably does the correct demonstration and for the correct explanation (Waller, 2005, p. 98). I myself realize that I am reliably kind to individuals and care particularly for individuals throughout my life yet in addition for the old, children and pets and I do t his for the correct reasons and that would be on the grounds that it causes me to feel great about myself. Aristotle additionally says that we are what we more than once do and that greatness isn't a demonstration however a propensity (Waller, 2005, p. 98). I can say that I concur with that since when go see my mother who lives in a senior structure and some who comprehend what I accomplish for work and need assistance or on the off chance that they simply need to sit and talk or need a ride to the store. I am continually ready to support them and they need to pay me however I reject since it is a propensity for me to be quite kind to them. At the point when I am all over town and I see a pooch it is a propensity that I stop and pat the canine and converse with them since I am a creature darling. For me as I have expressed I am a genuine creature darling so I do accept that people as well as creatures and creepy crawlies ought to have some ethical thought. Tom Regan suggested that inborn worth need just be the subject of a real existence (Waller, 2005, p. 135) and I concur with him. What individuals disregard is that as far as anyone knows people were chimps path back when or should state people developed from gorillas. However, creatures of all species shapes and sizes have brains and emotions simply like people. They have moral codes too for instance: a female gorilla has kids and gives them love just as shows them how to endure and encourages her young right from wrong whether it is in eating a banana contrasted with pineapple or battling with its kin, much the same as a human mother does with her kids. So it makes me wonder why anybody could be remorseless to any creature. For some individuals they may address whether ethical quality truly exists. For me I would need to state how you can believe that it doesn't. People are an animal types that live socially and if there were no ethics on the planet we would need to think about all the madness that would be on the planet and individuals would not live socially. Without having ethics, people could become wiped out in light of the fact that nobody would have a consideration in the realm of who can do whatever to whomever like homicide, assault, robbery and there would be no motivation to stop any of that. So by having ethics on the planet the vast majority don't submit murder and assault or take from another despite the fact that a few people do those things that are not ethically right by numerous norms. Ethics help carry harmony to the world. The Rain Forest is an ecological difficulty for a long time now. A few people couldn't care less about the Rain Forest so they need to bring the trees down to make items and not care about what how that influences life itself for people or for the creatures of all sort that live there and need to have it for endurance. The Rain Forest influences the endurance of creatures as well as for people too. At that point you have a few people who accept that by bringing down the trees where will wreck the downpour backwoods will influence people just as creatures. These are the individuals that I concur with. It would be ethically off-base to annihilate that woodland. Without the timberland a large number of creatures and bugs that is required for a wide range of reasons that make the earth work in a positive manner would vanish consequently it would influence nature itself. There are sure bugs that eat different creepy crawlies to ensure their populaces don't get insane and afterward you hav e the creatures that utilization the water to endure and the above all else the trees that help keep the air clean and help with the procedure of oxygen. So ethically it is inappropriate to demolish the backwoods as well as to gradually be executing the creatures. One way that they could forestall this is have a boycott against anybody to cut trees in any way, shape or form in the downpour woods. As people we have just taken such a great amount from the creatures just as from ourselves. Having uprightness morals and ethics help this world for the a wide range of reasons which maintain control our general public just as the general public of creatures. A few people are educated from their folks to have some code of praises or ethics and some are instructed however simply don't concur with them. We as people just gain such a great amount from our folks at that point become familiar with the rest as we develop and build up our own prudence convictions and ethics. Refer to Page Waller, B. N. (2005). Think about Ethics Theory, Readings, and Contemporary Issues. New York: Longman.

Detailed research on the history of Jesus Christ and Christianity Essay

Point by point inquire about on the historical backdrop of Jesus Christ and Christianity - Essay Example Josephus specifies Jesus the Messiah in the book. Moreover Eusebius, an early Christian Bishop, recorded the expressions of Josephus in 324 A.D. Josephus said that Jesus was an exceptional and savvy man (on the off chance that he can be known as a man). A significant number of the Jews and Greeks confided in him. He was sentenced to the cross, yet his devotees tailed him and put stock in his message. Because of his hardships, his clan of Christians is available right up 'til the present time. (Argubright, 2007) The religion began around 2000 years back in present day Israel recently known as Judea. Jesus Christ and his gathering of followers started lecturing in the midst of much contention and threatening vibe. The ruler around then was a Roman and Judea was culturally diverse focal point of clamoring urban areas and homesteads. Dominant part of local people who were Jewish discovered the polytheistic convictions of Rome meddling and agnostic. (About Religion, 2008) As indicated by Gospel accounts Jesus was destined to a virgin Jewess Mary who considered him by the wonder of the Holy Spirit. Luke the evangelist says that Mary and her significant other Joseph were making a trip from Nazareth to Bethlehem to abstain from enrolling (the Roman sovereign had requested an evaluation of the populace) the introduction of Jesus in Jerusalem. The birth occurred in a stable because of inaccessibility of opportunity in the motel and after the birth, a holy messenger educated three nearby shepherds about it. Mathew anyway takes a substantially more pained story. As indicated by him, three Magi of the East follow a star to Bethlehem and on their way, advise Herod (the King of Palestine) that they are headed to see the recently conceived ruler of the Jews. Herod arranges the slaughter of all the male kids younger than two because of a paranoid fear of competition. Luckily a blessed messenger educates Joseph who escapes with Mary to Egypt. After the demise of H erod, another holy messenger reveals to Joseph that it's protected to return. The evaluation was held in 6 BC. what's more, Herod kicked the bucket in 4BC. Along these lines it is presumed that Jesus was conceived around 6BC. (Gascoigne, 2008) Early Life: Concerning early existence of Christ the accounts are basically quiet. In any case, realities accumulated from different source show that Jesus was from a modest community called Nazareth where he prepared as a woodworker. He spoke Aramaic yet he additionally knew Greek since he utilized it to chat with the Roman Officials during his season of having the legislature. Jesus was a Jew and he rehearsed the Jewish confidence. He was additionally very much aware of Jewish laws. The main other certainty announced in the Gospel after the introduction of Christ is that one day, the multi year old Jesus meanders from his folks to a strict sanctuary. Upon return, when Mary reprimands him, he asks, 'Didn't you realize I would be in my Father's home' (Religion Facts, 2007) The Ministry of Jesus: Jesus is referenced again in the gospel at 30 years old. It starts by the Baptism of Christ by John the Baptist. This occasion denotes the start of Jesus' service. A few of John's supporters left to follow Jesus after the Baptism. He at that point continued to choose a few different supporters building up a gathering of 12. (Religion Facts, 2007) To each one of the individuals who tuned in, Jesus educated to gain proficiency with their foes, not to pass judgment on others, not to be on edge about the future, trust in God. Jesus Christ frequently educated with anecdotes, a short story with a profound significance. Some were simple while others difficult to comprehend. Mathew part 13 has a few illustrations. One

Rant Essay Topics For Worrying

Rant Essay Topics For WorryingRant essay topics should be chosen with care. If you choose to write a rant essay topic, you are choosing to vent about something that is bothering you or that is bothering someone else. They are often painful for many people and can take a long time to write. If you do not feel up to writing them, a professional writer can help you.You need to take some time before choosing the topics. You need to ask yourself what is going on in your life that is causing you to be angry. What has been the cause of your anger? How are you feeling about it right now? Who else is involved?There are many common topics for a rant essay. In the workplace, many people get angry about their bosses. Others get angry about their co-workers. Parents get angry when their children make bad choices or don't listen to them. If you are involved in any workplace issues, you should be aware of your rights.When you are in school, there are many things that will make you feel frustrated a bout the future. Many students get into big trouble because they don't listen to their teachers. It can sometimes feel as if no one is listening to you. This can make you feel badly about the future.One thing that can make your topic is a bit harder is if you are speaking out against something that isn't right. If you think that you are talking out against something that is wrong, then this can make your topic much more difficult. You may need to consider a different topic to express your feelings.Another thing to consider is whether or not you feel comfortable with the subject. If you don't feel comfortable with the topic, then you may have to write an essay on a different topic. Your topics need to be something that you feel comfortable with so that you can express your feelings with full power.Rant essay topics are very controversial. If you are considering writing about something that you might be upset about, it might be best to consider other topics first. If you are willing t o write about something that is really bothering you, then consider doing so.The type of subject matter you choose can be emotionally draining. You may find that you cannot sleep or that you cannot function at work. If you have the right attitude, you can cope with your subject.

Foreign Policy Definition and Examples

A state’s foreign policy consists of the strategies it uses to protect its international and domestic interests and determines the way it interacts with other state and non-state actors. The primary purpose of foreign policy is to defend a nation’s national interests, which can be in nonviolent or violent ways. Key Takeaways: Foreign Policy Foreign policy encompasses the tactics and process by which a nation interacts with other nations in order to further its own interestsForeign policy may make use of diplomacy or other more direct means such as aggression rooted in military powerInternational bodies such as the United Nations and its predecessor, the League of Nations, help smooth relations between countries via diplomatic meansMajor foreign policy theories are Realism, Liberalism, Economic Structuralism, Psychological Theory, and Constructivism Examples of Foreign Policy In 2013 China developed a foreign policy known as the Belt and Road Initiative, the nation’s strategy to develop stronger economic ties in Africa, Europe, and North America. In the United States, many presidents are known for their landmark foreign policy decisions such as the Monroe Doctrine which opposed the imperialist takeover of an independent state. A foreign policy can also be the decision to not participate in international organizations and conversations, such as the more isolationist policies of North Korea. Diplomacy and Foreign Policy When foreign policy relies on diplomacy, heads of state negotiate and collaborate with other world leaders to prevent conflict. Usually, diplomats are sent to represent a nation’s foreign policy interests at international events. While an emphasis on diplomacy is a cornerstone of many states foreign policy, there are others that rely on military pressure or other less diplomatic means. Diplomacy has played a crucial role in the de-escalation of international crises, and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 is a prime example of this. During the Cold War, intelligence informed President John F. Kennedy that the Soviet Union was sending weapons to Cuba, possibly preparing for a strike against the United States. President Kennedy was forced to choose between a foreign policy solution that was purely diplomatic, speaking to the Soviet Union President Nikita Khrushchev or one that was more militaristic. The former president decided to enact a blockade around Cuba and threaten further military action if Soviet ships carrying missiles attempted to break through. In order to prevent further escalation, Khrushchev agreed to remove all missiles from Cuba, and in return, Kennedy agreed not to invade Cuba and to remove U.S. missiles from Turkey (which was within striking distance of the Soviet Union). This moment in time is significant because the two governments negotiated a solution that ended the current conflict, the blockade, as well as de-escalated the larger tension, the missiles near each other’s borders. The History of Foreign Policy and Diplomatic Organizations Foreign policy has existed as long as people have organized themselves into varying factions. However, the study of foreign policy and the creation of international organizations to promote diplomacy is fairly recent. One of the first established international bodies for discussing foreign policy was the Concert of Europe in 1814 after the Napoleonic wars. This gave the major European powers (Austria, France, Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia) a forum to solve issues diplomatically instead of resorting to military threats or wars. In the 20th Century, World War I and II once again exposed the need for an international forum to de-escalate conflict and keep the peace. The League of Nations (which was formed by former U.S. President Woodrow Wilson but ultimately did not include the U.S.) was created in 1920 with the primary purpose of maintaining world peace. After the League of Nations dissolved, it was replaced by the United Nations in 1954 after World War II, an organization to promote international cooperation and now includes 193 countries as members. It is important to note that many of these organizations are concentrated around Europe and the Western Hemisphere as a whole. Because of European countries’ history of imperialism and colonization, they often wielded the greatest international political and economic powers and subsequently created these global systems. However, there are continental diplomatic bodies such as the African Union, Asia Cooperation Dialogue, and Union of South American Countries which facilitate multilateral cooperation in their respective regions as well. Foreign Policy Theories: Why States Act as They Do The study of foreign policy reveals several theories as to why states act the way they do. The prevailing theories are Realism, Liberalism, Economic Structuralism, Psychological Theory, and Constructivism. Realism Realism states that interests are always determined in terms of power and states will always act according to their best interest. Classical Realism follows 16th-century political theorist Niccolà ² Machiavelli’s famous quote from his foreign policy book The Prince: â€Å"It is much safer to be feared than loved.† It follows that the world is full of chaos because humans are egoistic and will do anything to have power. The structural reading of realism, however, focuses more on the state than the individual: All governments will react to pressures in the same way because they are more concerned about national security than power. Liberalism The theory of liberalism emphasizes liberty and equality in all aspects and believes that the rights of the individual are superior to the needs of the state. It also follows that the chaos of the world can be pacified with international cooperation and global citizenship. Economically, liberalism values free trade above all and believes the state should rarely intervene in economic issues, as this is where problems arise. The market has a long-term trajectory towards stability, and nothing should interfere with that. Economic Structuralism Economic structuralism, or Marxism, was pioneered by Karl Marx, who believed that capitalism was immoral because it is the immoral exploitation of the many by the few. However, theorist Vladimir Lenin brought the analysis to an international level by explaining that imperialist capitalist nations succeed by dumping their excess products in economically weaker nations, which drives down the prices and further weakens the economy in those areas. Essentially, issues arise in international relations because of this concentration of capital, and change can only occur through the action of the proletariat. Psychological Theories Psychological theories explain international politics on a more individual level and seek to understand how an individual’s psychology can affect their foreign policy decisions. This follows that diplomacy is deeply affected by the individual ability to judge, which is often colored by how solutions are presented, the time available for the decision, and level of risk. This explains why political decision making is often inconsistent or may not follow a specific ideology. Constructivism Constructivism believes that ideas influence identities and drive interests. The current structures only exist because years of social practice have made it so. If a situation needs to be resolved or a system must be changed, social and ideological movements have the power to bring about reforms. A core example of constructivism is human rights, which are observed by some nations, but not others. Over the past few centuries, as social ideas and norms around human rights, gender, age, and racial equality have evolved, laws have changed to reflect these new societal norms. Sources Elrod, Richard B. â€Å"The Concert of Europe: A Fresh Look at an International System.†Ã‚  World Politics, vol. 28, no. 2, 1976, pp. 159–174.  JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2009888.â€Å"The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962.†Ã‚  U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/cuban-missile-crisis.Viotti, Paul R., and Mark V. Kauppi.  International Relations Theory. 5th ed., Pearson, 2011.

Global Migrations Between 1700 Ce And 1900 Ce - 842 Words

Global Migrations CCOT Between 1700 CE and 1900 CE, the world saw radical growth and change. New inventions, technologies and innovations led to major shifts in power and new societies emerged. A common theme between these two dates is the migration of peoples for a variety of reasons. Some left their homelands due to push factors, like famine, war and disease. Some left due to pull factors, like economic prosperity, religious tolerance and freedom. From 1700 CE to 1900 CE, global migration experienced a continuity in long distance migration to the Americas as a result of a need for labor. Although there is a continuity, there are major changes in the push and pull factors for migration such as like the Irish Potato Famine and the migration of immigrants into Australia due to the promise of economic prosperity. The migration of people into the Americas was a continuity between 1700 CE and 1900 CE. In the 1700s, predominantly European settlers migrated to the Americas in search of eco nomic gain. Many found this in the form of the plantation system. The need for labor on these plantations led to the large scale migration of slaves. Slaves were essential to the economy of the Americas and even to the parent countries in Europe as they were a cheap, reliable source of labor. These slaves were part of a larger mercantilist system called the Atlantic Slave Trade. The slave trade peaked in the 1700s with millions of African slaves being forced to migrate into the Americas. TheShow MoreRelatedIslam and Continuities1628 Words   |  7 PagesChange Over Time Essay Prompts    8000 BCE to 600 CE †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Analyze the changes and continuities in major trading patterns within and among Classical civilizations; include their contacts, including religious, with adjacent regions. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discuss the changes and continuities in the Silk Road trading network from 600 BCE – 1450 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discuss the changes and continuities that occurred in the roles and functions of cities in major societies from the Neolithic Revolution to 1450. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trace andRead MoreCCOT And CC Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿UNIT 1 /2 – 8000 bce – 600 bce, 600 bce – 600 ce Africa Compare and contrast life in foraging societies with life in agricultural societies after the Agricultural Revolution Identify two key changes in early African history that resulted in a new period in the history of the region The Middle East Analyze the political changes in the Middle East from the Agricultural Revolution to 600 c.e. Compare and contrast the basic features of TWO of the following religious systems prior to 600 c.e. Polytheism

Essay on Public Policy and Administration - 1861 Words

1. Over time, how have members of the field of public administration examined the subject of policy and administration (has the dichotomy changed)? The studies of policy and administration have been viewed in different ways; overtime, the pre-modern era to its now 21st century outlook has changed. In the beginning, kings had treasures and tax collector to oversee the daily business of the empire. Today these members are public servants working in all levels of government; implanting various inputs to produce their desired policies as results. New policies in public administration spurred from the peoples dissatisfaction with the government. From corruption, favoritism and self-preservation drew the attention of change; leading to the†¦show more content†¦303) For example, â€Å"Two months after the attacks, Congress federalized airport security by passing the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, which created the Transportation Security Administration. Prior to 9/11, security had been handled by each airport, which outsourced to private security companies.† Thereafter, TSA enforced a stricter security screening for passengers and luggage; personnel without tickets were banned from passing through security. This showed political responsiveness and representation; according to the Washington Post, more than 263 government organizations were either created or reorganized due to 9/11. (PBS.org) 2. How do states interact with other layers of government? The term intergovernmental relationship is often used to describe the way the states interact with other layers of government. This also explains their collaborative efforts in working together for a greater cause. The U.S. Constitution created what is called today as the Federalist system of government. The Federalist system shaped several layers of government; some of the models use to explain the workings of the federalist system are the layer cake model, the marble cake model, and the picket fence model. â€Å"The Constitution not only defines the structure and power of the federal government, but also contains general provisions regarding state government.† Furthermore, each state has its own constitution which contains provisionsShow MoreRelatedPublic Policy Vs. Administration863 Words   |  4 PagesPublic Policy and Administration is an interesting and important knowledge for all people. Every one on this earth, regardless of his profession, hobbies, or religious view s, faces these concepts. This paper is going to describe the concepts of public policy and administration and an importance of this area for effective and efficient management. A public policy is an activity that has a good combination between politics and administrative activities. 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The belief in the classical period that Public Administration should be studied as its own individual field of study and not embodied within political science, management or law was a rational assumption. According to â€Å"Public administration: An Introduction,† some of the scholars in the field of public administration

Wesfarmers for United Nations Global Compact - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWesfarmers for United Nations Global Compact. Answer: Introduction Most business operations are undertaken under stipulated guidelines and rules that aim at protecting the rights of their employees. As much as the business organizations may have the power to control decisions in their companies and organizations, they have to work under set regulations that are universally acceptable in relation to human rights principles as stipulated in the United Nations global compact (UN Human Rights 2011). However not all the businesses have adopted all the recommended business practices that protect the interests of the labour regulations. There have been cases of numerous bad business practices such as child labour that have been reported from big global profit-making enterprises. Wesfarmers, Australias largest employer and one of the largest business entities within the country have employed an ethically-driven strategy in dealing with all the aspects and requirement of a clean business process (Wesfarmers 2016). They have ventured in business practices that are community-centered such as ethical sourcing and emphasis on human rights. They have further a diversified a system in addressing inclusivity in terms of gender equality and consideration of indigenous people in their employment patterns. The ethical sourcing of raw materials means that the organization ensures that at no given time they are supplied with materials that originate from abuse of human rights such as forced labour, child labour or slavery as required in the principles 2 and 5 of the UN global compact (UN Human Rights 2010). However, ethical sourcing of raw materials may be controversial if the company does not make efforts to indeed establish that their supply of raw materials does not originate from disgraceful acts of forced labour or child labour and abuse of human rights. This means that, Wesfarmers principles of adherence to the totality of human rights can only be termed as valid only if they put it in action rather than writings in their promotional booklets. Positive and negative Lessons Diversity in employment and inclusion of all kinds of people without discriminating about who they are is fundamental in addressing the principle 2 of the United Nations Global Compact rules on human rights. In this principle, employers and/ or businesses are strictly required to ensure that their operations do not violate human rights in any way. People of all genders, races and ethnic backgrounds are all entitled to equal employment opportunities at work places. In addition to diversified employment plan; the issue of sourcing of raw materials from external suppliers could be ethically done if the organizations put in strict measures in ensuring there is no violation of human rights in terms of child labour, forced labour or slavery from the original source. However, these practices do not guarantee good results in totality. There are challenges and even, for instance, in the case of diversity in employment structure, there is high likelihood of discrimination of the less privileged groups of employees at work places and this has been manifested in bullying and even violation of human rights. Furthermore, ethical sourcing aimed at preserving human dignity does not guarantee clean sources of raw materials for big companies like Wesfarmers. Tangible actions and frameworks are needed to properly seize all the problems of child labour menace, forced labour and even slavery activities. Innovative business practice recommendations In line to the global principle 5 on abolition of child labour and principle 2 on respecting all the human rights, there are better business practices that can be undertaken by bigger organizations such as the Wesfarmers in advancing the UN global compact (United Nations n.d.). While most organizations are interested in the profits much more than respecting avenues of getting those profits; it is imperative from a social point of view to sustain what sustains you. Therefore, in relation to the above lessons learnt, then the following recommendations are necessary. Firstly, business should create equality business practices within their organizations as a way of improving the diversity in employment process. Equality business practice is a more inclusive in that it encourages the inclusion of people from across the ethnic and racial divides. As much as hierarchical order may exist for the purposes of organizational management, human rights are however universal and what is entitled to a manager in human rights rules still applies to the junior staff member (Workplace Relations Commission n.d.). Secondly, the businesses should apply the accountability business practice which promotes continued address of human rights at all levels (Oxfam Novib 2014). With accountability, firms can address what is within its scope including the rights of the employees and ensuring their rights are not violated. Accountability means that businesses have to conform to the United Nations Global Compact, by ensuring the protection of all the rights of their employees and avoiding violation of these rights. Furthermore, accountability brings about responsibility out of the organizational managements in addressing pertinent issues in regard to the well being of their employees and staff (Bivins n.d.). Benefits and Challenges of the Recommendations The implementation of these recommendations would have a lasting impact in addressing the employee rights and the outlined global human rights principles. These recommendations are an added advantage to what already exists in recommended business practices list. They can easily be used to seal the loopholes left by other business practices in addressing the interests of the employees and adhering to universal rules of operation. However, challenges are inevitable, because, since most firms target is to make maximum profit as possible; getting them to implement such practices is a big challenge. Most organizations do not relish accountability for what does not directly generate profits for them and this is a major blow. References Bivins, Thomas. "Responsibility and Accountability." n.d.: 20-38. Oxfam Novib. "Corporate Accountabilty." Oxfam Novib Strategy Paper on Corporate Accountabilty, 2014. UN Human Rights. "Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights." Implementing the United Nations Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework, 2011. UN Human Rights. "Recommended Pricniples and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking." Office of the High Commiisioner For Human Rights, 2010. United Nations. "Human Rights: A basic Handbook for UN Staff." Office of the High of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, n.d. Wesfarmers. "2016 Annual Repport: Delivering Value Today and Tomorrow." Wesfarmers, 2016. Workplace Relations Commission. "Guide to Employment, Labour and Equality Law." Workplace Relations Commission, n.d.

Wuthering Heights Themes Essays (1316 words) - British Films

Wuthering Heights Themes The novel Wuthering Heights has a very complex storyline and the characters involved are also quite intricate. The story takes place in northern England in an isolated, rural area. The main characters involved are residents of two opposing households: Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. It is a tale of a powerful love between two people, which transcends all boundaries, including that between life and death. The author, Emily Bronte, used parallelism in this novel. Much of what happens in the first half of the story corresponds to events in the second half. This parallelism extends also to the characters; the first generation of characters is comparable to the second generation. Some might argue that these characters are duplicates of each other and that they share many traits. This is not the case for Catherine Earnshaw and Cathy Linton, a mother and her daughter. These two characters are different in numerous aspects of their personalities and lifestyles. Catherine Earnshaw and Cathy Linton differ a great deal when it comes to their family life. Catherine's father did not love her because she was forever misbehaving. He once told her ?Nay Cathy, I cannot love thee; thou'rt worse than thy brother. Go, say thy prayers, child, and ask god's pardon. I doubt thy mother and I must rue the day we ever reared thee!? (1) In relating the tale to Lockwood, Nelly noted that young Catherine was such a ?wild, wicked slip? (Bronte, pg. 37) that she never seemed as content as when she was being scolded. Catherine also treated her brother Hindley poorly. As a child, she neglected him in favour of Heathcliff. As an adult, Catherine made no effort to help Hindley with his drinking problem after Frances died, nor did she try and prevent Heathcliff from taking advantage of Hindley. Cathy Linton, on the other hand, enjoyed a very loving atmosphere at Thrushcross Grange. She and her father, Edgar, were very fond of each other. Edgar was anxious to protect her form the twisted world of Wuthering Heights. Cathy demonstrated her love for her father when she devoted herself to nursing him during his illness. Cathy never had any siblings, but she wished that she had one. She once said ?Pretty Linton! I wish you were my brother.? (Bronte, pg. 219) The reader is certain that if Cathy had a brother they would have been very close. Catherine Earnshaw was an intensely emotional character. From the time she was a child, she made choices based on her urges and feelings, and would become irritated if her will was not maintained. One time she became violently abusive when Nelly insisted on supervising her visit with Edgar. She pinched and slapped Nelly, shook Hareton when he began to cry and then slapped Edgar when he attempted to intervene. This sort of unstable emotional state made Catherine very frail she often became ill after an outburst. Following an argument she had with Heathcliff and Edgar, she became very ill and eventually died. It could be argued that her tendency for passionate outbursts drained the life from her. Cathy Linton was much more sensible than her mother was. She was able to effectively control her emotions at all times, even during confrontations with her tormentor Heathcliff, and remained strong and grounded throughout the novel. At no point was she abusive, except perhaps in her initial treatment of Hareton. The differences in the emotional character of Catherine and Cathy could be explained in the fact that Cathy did not experience a relationship like the torrential love affair Catherine had with Heathcliff. It was this relationship that was the root for all the tragedy in Catherine's life. Heathcliff played a dominant role in both halves of Wuthering Heights and he interacted with both Catherine and Cathy. However, they had very different relationships with him. Catherine and Heathcliff were deeply in love with each other and had been soul mates ever since childhood. Heathcliff often evoked powerful emotions from Catherine, and their encounters often left Catherine in emotional chaos. Cathy did not like Heathcliff and he did not like her. Edgar and Nelly informed Cathy of Heathcliff's terrible history and negative impact on her family. Once she moved into Wuthering Heights and lived with Heathcliff, Cathy was transformed from a bright, cheerful young girl into the sullen, foul-tempered person Lockwood meets during his first visit to the Heights. Heathcliff saw Cathy as the cause of her mother's death and she represented Catherine's betrayal of their love. Cathy inspired many feelings of rage from Heathcliff. For

Bop Rules Essays

Bop Rules Essays Bop Rules Essay Bop Rules Essay BP-A0629 A R VISITOR INFORMATION U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Addressee Institution CDFRM FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS Date Re: (Inmate’s Name and Register No. ) Dear : I am requesting that you be included among my approved visitors. In order to establish your suitability as a visitor, it may be necessary for institution officials to send an inquiry to an appropriate law enforcement or crime information agency to ascertain whether or not placing you on my visiting list would present a management problem for the institution, or have other possible adverse effects. The information obtained will be used to determine your acceptability as a visitor. The Bureau of Prisons’ authority to request background information on proposed visitors is contained in Title 18 U. S. C. Â § 4042. In order for you to be considered for the visiting privilege with me, it will be necessary for you to fill out the questionnaire and release form below and return it to the following address: (Institution address). You are not required to supply the information requested. However, if you do not furnish the information, the processing of your request will be suspended, and you will receive no further consideration. If you furnish only part of the information required, the processing of your request may be significantly delayed. If the information withheld is found to be essential to the processing of your request, you will be informed, and your request will receive no further consideration unless you supply the missing information. Although no penalties are authorized if you do not supply the information requested, failure to supply such information could result in your not being considered for admittance as a visitor. The criminal penalty for making false statements is a fine of not more than $250,000 or imprisonment for not more than five years or both (See 18 U. S. C. Â § 1001). Sincerely, 1. Legal Name 4. Telephone Number (Including Area Code) 6. Are you a U. S. Citizen? Yes No 2. Date of Birth 5. Race and Sex of Visitor 3. Address (Including Zip Code) 6a. If yes, provide Social Security No: 6b. If no, provide Alien Registration No: 6c. Provide Passport No: 7. Relationship to above-named inmate 8. Do you desire to visit him/her? Yes No Yes No 9. Did you know this person prior to his/her current incarceration? 0. If the answer to #9 is yes, indicate the length of time you have known this person and where the relationship developed. 11. Have you ever been convicted of a crime? conviction/s: If so, state the number, date, place, and nature of the 12. Are you currently on probation, parole, or any other type of supervision? If so, state the name of your supervising probation/parole officer and the address and telephone no. where he/she can be contacted: 13. Do you correspond or visit with other inmates? 14. Driver’s License No. and State of Issuance If so, indicate the individual(s) and their location(s): AUTHORIZATION TO RELEASE INFORMATION I hereby authorize release to the Warden of: ________________________ any record of criminal offenses for which I (Institution, Location) have been arrested and convicted, and any information related to those convictions. Signature for Authorization to Release Information (Sign and Print Name)Parent or Guardia (If applicant is under 18 years of age, signature of parent or guardian indicates consent of minor to visit inmate). If additional space is required, you may use the back of this form. To be filed in Inmate Central File, FOI Section 2 PDF Prescribed by P5267 Replaces BP-A629 of Sep 00 FILE IN SECTION 3 UNLESS APPROPRIATE FOR PRIVACY FOLDER SECTION 3 BP-A0629 INFORMACION DE VISITANTE CDFRM AGENCIA FEDERAL DE PRISIONES DEPARTAMENTO DE JUSTICIA DE EE. UU. **This template is provided to assist Spanish-speaking inmates who are not fluent in English to complete the corresponding Bureau form. It is a template only for instructional purposes, and should not be filled in. ** **Este modelo se provee para ayudarle a los reos que hablan espanol y no dominan el ingles a que completen el formulario correspondiente de la Agencia. Es solo un modelo que sirve como ejemplo, y no se debe completar. * Destinatario Institucion Fecha Asunto: (Nombre del Reo y Numero de Registro) Estimado/a : He pedido que usted sea incluido/a entre mis visitantes aprobados. Para establecer lo apropiado que es que usted sea un visitante, pueda ser necesario que los oficiales de la institucion envien un formulario de investigacion a una agencia apropiada de orden publico o de informacion de crimenes para determinar si el colocarle en mi lista de visitantes presentaria un problema de administracion para la institucion, u otros posibles efectos adversos. La informacion obtenida se usara para determinar su aceptacion como un visitante. La autoridad de La Agencia Federal de Prisiones para solicitar informacion de antecedentes de los visitantes propuestos se encuentran en Titulo 18 U. S. C. Â § 4042. Para que usted sea considerado para obtener el privilegio de visitarme, es necesario que usted complete el cuestionario y el formulario de autorizacion a continuacion y que lo devuelva a la siguiente direccion: (Direccion de la institucion). Usted no esta obligado/a a proveer la informacion solicitada. Sin embargo, si usted no provee la informacion, el procesamiento de su solicitud se suspendera, y no recibira ninguna consideracion adicional. Si usted provee solo parte de la informacion requerida, el procesamiento de su solicitud puede demorarse considerablemente. Si se determina que la informacion no divulgada es esencial para el procesamiento de su solicitud, usted sera notificado, y su solicitud no recibira ninguna consideracion adicional, a menos que usted provea la informacion que hace falta. Aunque no hay penalidades autorizadas en caso que usted no provee la informacion solicitada, el no proveer tal informacion podria resultar en que usted no sea considerado para ser admitido como un visitante. La penalidad criminal por hacer declaraciones falsas es una multa de no mas de $250,000 o encarcelamiento de no mas de cinco anos, o ambos (Vea 18 U. S. C. Â § 1001). Sinceramente, 1. Nombre Legal 4. Numero Telefonico (Incluyendo Codigo de la Zona) 6. ?Es usted Ciudadano Estadounidense? Si No 6c. Supla su numero de Pasaporte: 7. Relacion al reo nombrado arriba 8. ?Desea usted visitarlo/a? Si No Si No 2. Fecha de Nacimiento 5. Raza y Sexo del Visitante 3. Direccion (Incluyendo Codigo Postal) 6a. De ser asi, supla su numero de Seguro Social: 6b. De no ser asi, supla su numero de Registro de Inmigracion: 9. ?Conocia usted a esta persona antes de su encarcelacion actual? 10. Si la respuesta a #9 es Si, indique cuanto tiempo usted ha conocido a esta persona y de donde se desarrollo esta relacion. 11. ?Alguna vez a sido declarado culpable de un crimen? De ser asi, declare cuantas veces, la/s fecha/s, el/los lugar/es, y la razon por la/s condena/s: 12. ?Esta usted actualmente bajo libertad bajo probatoria, libertad condicional, o cualquier otro tipo de supervision? De ser asi, supla el nombre de su oficial de upervision de libertad condicional u oficial de libertad condicional y la direccion y numero de telefono donde el/ella puede ser localizado/a: 13. ?Se corresponde o visita a otros reos? De ser asi, indique el/los individuo/s y donde se encuentra/n: 14. Numero de Licencia para Conducir y el Estado Emisor AUTORIZACION PARA DISTRIBUIR INFORMACION Yo, por la presente, autorizo la distribucion al Warden de: (Institucion, Lugar) o fensas por las cuales he sido arrestado/a y condenado/a, y cualquier informacion pertinente a esas condenas. Firma para la Autorizacion para Distribuir Informacion (Firme y Nombre Escrito) Padre o Guardian cualquier archivo criminal de (Si el solicitante es menor de 18 anos, la firma de un padre o guardian indica el consentimiento a la visita de un menor de edad. ) Si requiere espacio adicional, puede usar el dorso de este formulario. Para ser archivado en la Seccion 2 de FOI en el Expediente Central del Reo PDF Prescribed by PS 5267 Reemplaza BP-A629 fechado Sept. 00 ARCHIVELO EN LA SECCION 3 A MENOS QUE SEA APROPIADO PARA EL ARCHIVO DE INFORMACION PRIVADA SECCION3

Mussolini and Matteotti Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mussolini and Matteotti Crisis - Essay Example He was executed on April 28, 1945 in Milan, Italy when economic depression and military failures in World War II led to his ousting and subsequent persecution. (Benito Mussolini, 2003; Benito Mussolini, 2007; Benito Mussolini) Mussolini began his political career when he became editor to Milan socialist paper "Avanti!" in 1911. A gifted orator and writer, Mussolini was brought to the notice of the socialist movement when he was arrested and imprisoned for leading demonstrators protesting the attack by the Italians on Libya. Under socialist concepts, war was merely a way for the rich to get richer at the expense of the common worker. Under his editorship, the newspaper gained popularity. (Benito Mussolini, 2007) Five months into World War I, however, Mussolini had a change of attitude, regarding war as an opportunity, and for this the socialist party expelled him. In August 1915, Mussolini answered his country's call to arms. In 1917, a mortar bomb signalled his discharge from the army with the rank of corporal. (Benito Mussolini, 2007) Mussolini developed a political ideology to tie in support of his group, later to be known as Fascism because he named the group Fasci di Combattimento or League for Combat. He was not the first to use the word fasci but his party was the most identified with it. (Rise of Mussolini: to 1922, 2006) World War I threw Italy into an economic crisis and the country was in turmoil. In response, Mussolini formed the National Fascist Party in 1919 and people looked to him to bring order into chaos. He formed the Black Shirt militia, officially the squadre d'azione but popularly described as armed thugs that used violence against all who opposed the Fascist party with special preference for socialist, communists and democrats, and little opposition from authorities. (Rise of Mussolini: to 1922, 2006) In 1921, Mussolini and 35 other fellow Fascists became members of the Italian Chamber of Deputies. (Benito Mussolini, 2003) This was partly due to a coalition Mussolini forged with then Prime Mi nister Gioletti, who sought to restore authority over the Italian citizenry, which he promptly broke as soon as he gained membership. (Rise of fascism in Italy under Mussolini, 2007) The Pacification Pact between Mussolini and the socialists in Parliament was an attempt to forge an alliance, but this was strongly opposed by the radical members of the Party, the squadristi, especially by their leaders, the ras. Attempts to disband the squadristi failed and the pact was dissolved. (March on Rome, 2007) The March on Rome and Military Loyalty The ruling Leftist party initiated a general strike against the Fascists in August 1922, and Mussolini saw his opportunity for his party to grab power. Mussolini counted on the indecisiveness of the Italian government under Prime Minister Luigi Facta and the growing discontent of the citizenry to hedge his gamble. He threatened a march to Rome of 40,000 strong Black Shirts, ostensibly as an intervention necessary to uphold a weak government as solidified by its failure to the secure the Italian-speaking town of Fiume as due recognition for the contributions of Italy to World

Vitamin D Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vitamin D - Essay Example se is of course individuals that live in far northern latitudes where temperature concern requires these individuals to remain thoroughly covered so that frostbite and/or exposure to inclement weather is not affected. A secondary group of individuals that is negatively impacted by the degree and extent to which they are able to gain healthful level of exposure to the sun, in order to encourage the body to create vitamin D naturally, are those individuals within societies that are relatively wealthy and spend the majority of their time indoors. However, there is a third contingent of individuals that must be considered with respect to low vitamin D levels and the impact this on out. These are with regards to women that live within conservative Muslim nations in and around the equator; specifically Saudi Arabia. Accordingly, the following analysis will focus specifically upon the difficulties in achieving sufficient levels of vitamin D for female stakeholders within Saudi Arabia, some of the means by which diet can be leveraged as a function of promoting vitamin D levels within the human body, the effects of vitamin D deficiency, and ways to raise awareness with regard to the impacts of low vitamin D levels. Firstly, with respect to low vitamin D levels that are represented within the female population of conservative Muslim societies, this is oftentimes the result of the fact that strict norms of morality prevent women from showing anything more than their hands or a brief space around the eyes. Whereas it is not the goal of this particular paper to discuss whether or not the niqab is ethical or moral, in a universal standpoint, it must be noted that these moral restrictions create a situation through which vitamin D creation from the sun is nearly impossible (Vanni et al., 2014). As women remain cloistered behind layers of dark fabric, the overall amount of time that they are able to spend outside, or in public in general, is restricted. Furthermore, the extreme

Citizenship - Account of activity during work experience Essay Example for Free

Citizenship Account of activity during work experience Essay My Citizenship coursework will be based on the rights and responsibilities of employees and their employers in the workplace. The aim of the coursework is to produce a report explaining the health and safety rules on my work experience placement. This is a citizenship activity because it looks closely at important rights. It will also look at my roles, and those of others, during the activity. I have chosen my work experience place because this will give me the opportunity to get an experience and will make me or introduce me to the world and get vital points on how to develop my life skills towards working. The placement that I have been given is not close to my house but I am willing to work hard and grab this opportunity. I am also interested in the financial market and promoting of products and Ill learn from this. I went for my work experience to Comet Stores. My work experience was for a two week period staring on the 6th of June 2005 and ending on the 16th of June 2005. The area that I was allocated for the work experience was in Fosse Park, which is near the outer ring of the city near to the motorways. Comet Stores is a well-known brand, which sells household electronic devices. The placement that I was in was the biggest store in the city. The complex comprised of two floors namely the sales floor (which was the first floor) and the warehouse, which was the second floor. Before attending the work placement I had to phone up and book an interview with the manager in charge of the store. A week after the phone call was the date of my interview. In the interview I was told the basics about the company such as start and finish times, the dress code and passwords to enter the staff room. I was told that at the first day of my work experience I would be told in more detail about my individual and team tasks. At the start of the first day of my work experience I was feeling anxious as well as nervous. This was the first time I would be entering a working environment. At the start of the day I was taken by the manager for an assembly. I was told to report to the designated area where each person would be given a briefing each morning. A gentleman named Chris was to look after me for the first day. He was in charge of the warehouse stock and was very helpful. He gave me some advice and told me many people have visited the store for work experience and that the store will challenge my ability individually and with a team. The manager had told Chris to take me to the boardroom where I was shown Health and Safety videos that were made by the store. After each key fact Chris would explain to me what it meant, how it concerned the store and asked me if I had any questions. I was also given additional leaflets on Health and safety in the building such as the fire exits and where the fire extinguishes were. I was given a wide range of activities during work experience. The main task I was given for the first few days was to pack and check the shelves. This consisted of me checking the availability of the stock, ordering the stock from the warehouse if it had run out and then packing the shelves with the item. I was also given the chance to analyze the security system of the work place and told how to alarm and disable the alarm system. I was put on my first test with this task, as I had to wire all the flat screen monitors in a sequence to alarm the security if any person may try to take the item. I had noticed as the days went on the store gave me different and more tasks to do which would challenge my ability. I was promoted to assisting the sales staff and to analyze the way in how the sales person would work. This task was to communicate with the public and gave a lot of confidence. I was also placed in the warehouse where I was given a lot of responsibility. I was asked to check the stock, the handling of goods, taking orders and also using the elevator belt, which I was given a Health and Safety guide to. The elevator belt could go upward towards the warehouse and when giving items to the sales floor going downwards. Special buttons were needed for this and great care was needed. All the staff members assisted me but as I was put on different jobs there was different staff members that would help me. As I was on the warehouse level the elevator belt had suddenly come to a halt. As I was not a technician I had asked from a member of staff from the warehouse level. He kindly came and tried to help me but could not fix the problem. As a result he sent a technician to come and assist. The problem was sorted and both members of staff assisted me when I asked for some help. Whilst on the placement I had learnt a lot about rights and responsibility of employers and their employees. I was given a sheet, which told me all the rights.

Pride and Prejudice :: Pride Prejudice Essays

Pride and Prejudice In fact, Pride and Prejudice was originally entitled First Impressions. However, the novel is not only about first impressions. Although we can find the first impressions about the characters through the first few chapters, this book shows us the effects of those impressions on the individual characters--prejudices of the characters. The story almost evenly describes the defects of Fitzwilliam Darcy who show "pride" at the beginning of the novel; he speaks carelessly and insultingly to Elizabeth Bennet, and George Wickham who deceives others on purpose and conceals his truthless character. Elizabeth misunderstood both of them at first because of her prejudice. At first I have assumed that the title of this novel alludes clearly to Darcy's "pride" and Elizabeth's "prejudice." I also thought that the novel tells how Darcy and Elizabath overcome their pride and prejudice. However, I realize that this over simplifies the author's purpose. We can certainly see that Elizabeth has "pride" as much as Darcy has. She is proud of her intelligence, comprehension and independence. Actually, Darcy's pride disappears quite a bit early in this novel. By chapter 6, he is starting to change his attitudes towards her. He is humbling himself to be close to her. This shows Darcy's change: "But no sooner had he made it to clear to himself and his friends that she had hardly a good feature in her face, than he began to find it was rendered uncommonly intelligent by the beautiful expression of her dark eye" (16 page) "He began to wish to know more of her, and as a step towards conversing with her himself, attended to her conversation with others." From this point, Darcy's prejudice against Elizabeth begins to fade while her prejudice towards him still remains because he refused to dance with her at the ball. Her prejudice spreads throughout the book, and that prejudice is an outcome of her wounded pride. The main subject of this novel is courtship and marriage. Jane Austen, the author of Pride and Prejudice, shows and indirectly criticizes the 18th century England's rural society and the pride of high class through several people's marriages who are in different social position.

Research Papers on Ready to Eat Food

CRISES Paul Krugman, January 2010 As this is formally billed on this program as the Nobel lecture, I suppose that I’m expected to focus on the work for which I was honored with the prize. And yet †¦ proud as I am of the work I and many others did on increasing-returns trade and economic geography, given what is happening in the world – and given what I’ve largely been working on these past dozen years – that work is not uppermost in my mind. Fortunately, there’s an out. The Nobel committee did cite another line of work that goes back to the first good paper I ever wrote: â€Å"A model of balance of payments crises†, published in 1979 but originally written while I was in still in grad school. When I’m in an expansive mood, I like to say that I invented currency crises – not the thing itself, which goes back to the invention of paper money, but the modern academic literature. And business has been good ever since. Now, most of what has gone wrong with the world these past two years has not taken the form of classic currency crises (though give it time – the Baltic nations, in particular, seem well positioned to follow in Argentina’s footsteps). But there are strong parallels between the kinds of crises we actually have been experiencing and what those of us in the currency crisis biz call â€Å"third-generation† crises. Both the similarities and the differences are, I think, illuminating. 1 So without further ado, let me launch into a discussion of currency crises, their relationship to financial crises in general, and what all of that tells us about current prospects. A history of violence The sudden implosion of world financial markets, trade, and industrial production in 2008 shocked many if not most economists. I think it’s fair to say, however, that international macroeconomists were less startled. That’s not to say that we predicted the crisis: speaking personally, I saw that we had a monstrous housing bubble and expected bad things as it deflated, but both the form and the scale of the collapse surprised me. What is true, however, is that international macroeconomists were aware, in a way those who focused mainly on domestic data were not, that the world economy has a history of violence. Drastic events – sudden speculative attacks that emerge out of a seemingly clear blue sky, abrupt economic implosions that slash real GDP by 5, 10, even 15 percent – are regular occurrences on the international scene. Let me illustrate the point with the figure below, which shows peak-to-trough declines in real GDP during â€Å"third generation† currency crises (a term I’ll explain in a little while). This list is close to, but not identical to, the Reinhart and Rogoff (2009) list of banking crises: as R&R point out, crises often combine elements of several of their ideal types. What I’ve done in this case – in a poor man’s homage to Reinhart and Rogoff’s awesome data-collection effort – is scan the Total Economy Database for all cases of sharp GDP declines in high-and middle-income countries since 1950, then do some cursory historical research to ask whether they fit the profile of a third-generation crisis. 2 GDP declines in third-generation currency crises Mexico 1994 Korea 1997 Chile 1981 Malaysia 1997 Finland 1990 Thailand 1997 Indonesia 1997 Argentina 2002 5 10 15 20 A few observations: First of all, we’re talking huge declines here – Depression-level, in some cases. You can see why international macroeconomists were more attuned to the possibility of disaster than domestic macroeconomists: if you were looking only at US data, your idea of a really bad slump would be 1981-1982, when real GDP fell only 2. 3 percent. Second, if you know a bit about the history, you get a very strong sense of just how wrong conventional wisdom can be. Reinhart and Rogoff emphasize the â€Å"this time is different† syndrome, the way people wave off clear parallels to earlier crises. I’d go a bit further and argue that there’s a strong â€Å"pride goeth before a fall† syndrome. In many if not all of these cases, the country in question was everybody’s darling just before the disaster. Chile was a showpiece for Chicago School policies in action. I remember personally the enormous optimism about Mexico on the eve of the tequila crisis; I was very unpopular at a 1993 meeting of investors where I raised some questions about prospects. Argentina’s currency board was lionized by the Cato Institute, the Wall Street Journal editorial page, and so forth. The countries caught up in the East Asian crisis were the subject of glowing reports, including a major World Bank study. 3 After the fact, of course, everybody saw many flaws in each afflicted country’s economic model – just as everyone now sees the rottenness of the U. S. financial system, a system that was being praised just yesterday as one of the wonders of the world. Finally, note that half my examples are from the late-90s East Asian crisis. That crisis had a profound effect on some of us. Nouriel Roubini was transformed from a mild-mannered macroeconomist into Doctor Doom. I lost my faith in the healing powers of central bankers, and wrote the original edition of The Return of Depression Economics. In essence, the East Asian crisis awakened us to the fact that there were more dangers in the world economy than were dreamt of in textbook macro. But what were these dangers, anyway? Generat(ion)ing crisis All crises are divided into three parts. OK, maybe not. But the currency risis literature has evolved in three â€Å"generations†, successive accounts of what can cause sudden speculative attacks on currencies. First-generation models began, at least in my mind, with wise words from the governor of the Bank of Portugal. Back in 1976, a group of MIT graduate students was working at the Bank, thanks to a personal connection between the governor and Dick Eckaus. Portugal at the time was 4 a bit of a crazy place, still suffering from the mild chaos that followed the overthrow of the dictatorship the year before. The economy had stabilized after an initial slump, but the currency was under pressure, with reserves rapidly dwindling. It turned out later that most of the reserve loss was due to foreign exchange hoarding by commercial banks – which was kind of funny, since at the time those banks were state –owned. But in any case, the governor made a remark that intrigued me: â€Å"When I have six months of reserves,† he said, â€Å"I will have no reserves. † What he meant was that once reserves dropped below some critical level, there would be a run on the currency that would quickly exhaust whatever was left. There were already economic models like this, albeit of very recent vintage – and not exactly about foreign exchange. Notably, Salant and Henderson (1978, but circulated as a working paper in 1976), in an analysis of gold prices, devoted part of their paper to attempts to stabilize gold prices with stockpiles. They showed that an unsustainable stabilization scheme would eventually collapse in a speculative run that quickly exhausted the remaining stock, which is more or less what happened in March 1968. I realized that this was in effect what Silva Lopes had been saying about the escudo. Translating that insight into a fully-specified model was a bit tricky. Krugman (1979) was more complicated than it should have been; it took the work of Flood and Garber (1984) to get it in comprehensible form. But the result was a highly suggestive analysis of speculative attacks on fixed exchange rates. 5 But there were problems with that analysis. Some complained about the asymmetry between super smart speculators and super stupid governments. More compelling, in my view, was the fact that the story didn’t seem to fit very well with what actually happened in many currency crises, especially in advanced countries. For example, neither the sterling crisis of 1931 nor that of 1992 seemed to be mainly about dwindling foreign exchange reserves. Instead, both seemed to be about governments who found that their commitment to a fixed exchange rate was interfering with attempts to achieve domestic objectives, especially full employment. When speculators began to bet on an abandonment of the currency peg to deal with pressing domestic concerns, spiking interest rates sharply increased the cost of defending that peg – hence, a crisis, with speculators in effect forcing the government’s hand. In an influential survey of evidence from the 1992-1993 European crisis, of which the fall of sterling was one component, Eichengreen, Rose, and Wyplosz (1995) coined the term â€Å"secondgeneration models† to describe models that tried to capture this quite different kind of crisis dynamics. The most influential modeling came from Obstfeld (1994), who showed that this kind of analysis strongly suggested the possibility of multiple equilibria: countries in a vulnerable state could experience a currency crisis whenever investors believed that such a crisis was imminent, or for that matter believed that other investors believed in a crisis. But two generations of crisis theory, it turned out, were not enough. Second-generation crisis models suggested that succumbing to a speculative attack should be good for employment and GDP: no longer constrained by the exchange rate commitment, a government would be free to 6 expand demand. That is, in fact, what happened in the aftermath of the two sterling crises, 60 years apart: I used to joke that Britain should erect a statue of George Soros in Trafalgar Square, to thank him for getting the UK out of the ERM. But it’s not what happened to Mexico after the tequila crisis, or the East Asian economies after the crises of 1997, or Argentina after the collapse of convertibility in 2002. In all these cases the collapse of a fixed rate under speculative attack was followed by a severe contraction in the real economy. Hence the development of third-generation models. These models – e. g. Krugman (1999), Aghion et al (2001), Chang and Velasco (1999) – emphasized private-sector balance sheets, especially firms or banks with foreign-currency debt. The key argument was that a currency depreciation set off by speculative attack would sharply worsen balance sheets, as the domesticcurrency value of foreign-currency debt rose. This in turn would damage the economy, e. g. by depressing investment, which would feed back into further currency depreciation, and so on. Some models stressed the possibility of multiple equilibria, but even without such multiplicity there was the clear possibility of disproportionate depreciation and output decline from an adverse shock, including the end of a bubble financed by foreign capital. Or to put it a different way, what happens in a third-generation currency crisis is a vicious circle of deleveraging. Hence the severe cost to the real economy. One question you might ask is whether this diagnosis is all ex-post rationalization. Did the theory of third-generation currency crises actually succeed in predicting any crises? The answer is yes: Argentina, which, alas, played out exactly as expected. 7 Before I proceed to the relationship between currency crises and the financial crises that have afflicted all of us recently, let me briefly ighlight two policy issues that arise in the context of third-generation crises. First, does this analysis argue that troubled economies with large foreign-currency debt should avoid currency depreciation? This is a highly relevant question right now for the Baltics, which, as I’ve already mentioned, are currently in a situation highly reminiscent of Argentina’s position just before the collapse. It might seem, given the a ccount I’ve just provided, that Latvia or Estonia should do anything possible to avoid devaluation. But that’s not right. Suppose that the underlying problem is a level of prices and wages that makes your production uncompetitive – typically the consequence of an earlier period of excessive capital inflows. Then what must happen, sooner or later, is a decline in prices and wages relative to those in your trading partners – a real depreciation. This can happen through nominal currency depreciation – but this has the unpleasant consequence that the real value of foreign currency debt will rise, creating a deleveraging crisis. Unfortunately, the alternative is worse. Real depreciation without nominal depreciation must take place through deflation. And this means that the real value of all debt, not just foreigncurrency debt, rises. So the deleveraging crisis will be even worse if you don’t depreciate. 8 A second issue concerns the role of capital mobility. Clearly, substantial capital mobility is a prerequisite for third-generation crises, which can’t happen unless you’ve already run up a large foreign-currency debt. And in the crisis, it’s capital flight that leads to the large depreciation that in turn worsens balance sheets. So there is a clear case for temporary capital controls – a sort of curfew on capital flight – in the heat of a third-generation currency crisis. But what does all this have to do with the current problems of the United States and other advanced countries? Deleveraging crises: similarities and differences In the movie The Longest Day there’s a scene involving a German general who is first shown preparing for a war game in which he will play the American commander. He tells his aide that he plans to surprise everyone by landing, not at Calais, but in Normandy – but not to worry, the Americans would never do that. Then, when the invasion begins, he mutters, â€Å"Normandy! How stupid of me! † Now you know how some of us felt as the current crisis unfolded. By 2006, huge U. S. urrent account deficits suggested that the dollar would have to fall eventually, and the fact that U. S. real interest rates weren’t significantly higher than rates in other major economies suggested that markets weren’t taking that fact into account. So there was reason to expect a Wile E. Coyote moment – a moment of sudden realization – leading to a 9 sudden dollar fall. But U. S. external debt, although large, is overwhelmingly dollar-denominated. So America didn’t seem vulnerable to a third-generation currency crisis. No worries, then, right? Yet the logic of the models should have suggested that there were, in fact, reasons to worry. After all, a vicious circle of deleveraging could arise as easily on the asset side as on the liability side, as noted in Krugman (2002). It should have been easy to put the evidence of a mammoth housing bubble together with the concepts of third-generation crisis theory to see how a nasty deleveraging cycle could occur without the â€Å"original sin† of dependence on foreign-currency debt. Sadly, almost nobody – certainly not yours truly – put the pieces together. Even those of us who diagnosed that housing bubble correctly failed to foresee the financial implosion that would follow. Normandy! How stupid of me! But now it has happened. How does the crisis we have actually stumbled into compare with a currency crisis, both in terms of outlook and in terms of the policy response? One difference one might have expected to be important is the role of monetary policy. The normal front line of defense against recession involves cutting interest rates. For a country facing a currency crisis, however, that defense is of ambiguous value: cutting rates may help domestic demand, but it may also weaken the currency, intensifying the vicious circle. For a country facing an asset-side deleveraging spiral, however, interest rate reductions are all good: in 10 addition to their usual effects, they support asset prices and help balance sheets. So you might have expected central banks to be very effective in fighting asset-price-driven deleveraging. In reality, however, the monetary line of defense was quickly overrun: reductions in policy rates quickly ran up against the zero lower bound, and that was that, at least as far as conventional monetary policy was concerned. We should have seen this coming: Krugman (2002) laid it all out, but nobody – the author included – took the message to heart. Meanwhile, there’s another difference between currency crises and asset-side crises that makes the latter look worse: namely, the fact that asset-price deflation, unlike currency depreciation, has no indirect stimulative effect on the economy. As Calvo et al (2006) have stressed, financial crises in emerging markets are often followed by â€Å"phoenix-like† recoveries, with the downturn giving way to very rapid growth. Key to these recoveries is the fact that a severely depreciated currency makes exports extremely competitive, leading to a large positive swing in the trade balance. As with the output declines associated with third-generation crises, the violence of these turnarounds is startling to economists accustomed to the tameness of U. S. data. The figure below shows the â€Å"current account reversal† for each of the cases shown at the beginning of this paper – that is, the extent of the swing from current account deficit on the eve of the crisis to the maximum current account surplus following the crisis. 1 Current account reversal as % of GDP 0 Mexico 1994 Korea 1997 Chile 1981 Malaysia 1997 Finland 1990 Thailand 1997 Indonesia 1997 Argentina 2002 5 10 15 20 25 These are awesomely large swings. In part, no doubt, they were due to the import-compressing effect of recession. But mostly they represent a gain in competitiveness due to plunging currencies. Plunging prices of house s and CDOs, unfortunately, don’t produce any corresponding macroeconomic silver lining. This suggests that we’re unlikely to see a phoenix-like recovery from the current slump. How long should recovery be expected to take? Well, there aren’t many useful historical models. But the example that comes closest to the situation facing the United States today is that of Japan after its late-80s bubble burst, leaving serious debt problems behind. And a maximum-likelihood estimate of how long it will take to recover, based on the Japanese example, is †¦ forever. OK, strictly speaking it’s 18 years, since that’s how long it has been since the Japanese bubble burst, and Japan has never really escaped from its deflationary trap. 2 This line of thought explains why I’m skeptical about the optimism that’s widespread right now about recovery prospects. The main argument behind this optimism seems to be that in the past, big downturns in the world’s major economies have been followed by fast recoveries. But past downturns had very different causes, and there’s no good reason to regard them as good precedents. Living in a crisis-ridden world Looking back at U. S. commentary on past currency crises, what’s striking is the combination of moralizing and complacency. Other countries had crises because they did it wrong; we weren’t going to have one because we do it right. As I’ve stressed, however, crises often – perhaps usually – happen to countries with great press. They’re only reclassified as sinners and deadbeats after things go wrong. And so it has proved for us, too. And despite the praise being handed out to those who helped us avoid the worst, we are not handling the crisis well: fiscal stimulus has been inadequate, financial support has contained the damage but not restored a healthy banking system. All indications are that we’re going to have seriously depressed output for years to come. It’s what I feared/predicted in that 2001 paper: â€Å"[I]ntellectually consistent solutions to a domestic financial crisis of this type, like solutions to a third-generation currency crisis, are likely to seem too radical to be implemented in practice. And partial measures are likely to fail. † 13 Maybe policymakers will become wiser in the future. Maybe financial reform will reduce the occurrence of crises: major financial crises were much rarer between the end of World War II and the rise of financial deregulation after 1980 than they were before or since. Meanwhile, however, the fact is that the economic world is a surprisingly dangerous place. REFERENCES Aghion, Philippe, Philippe Bacchetta, and Abhijit Banerjee, 2000, â€Å"Currency Crises and Monetary Policy with Credit Constraints† (unpublished; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University). Chang, Roberto and Andres Velasco 1999, â€Å"Liquidity Crises in Emerging Markets: Theory and Policy,† NBER Working Paper No. 7272. Eichengreen, Barry, Rose, Andrew, Wyplosz, Charles and Dumas, Bernard, â€Å"Exchange Market Mayhem: The Antecedents and Aftermath of Speculative Attacks†, Economic Policy, October. Flood, Robert, and Peter Garber 1984, â€Å"Collapsing Exchange Rate Regimes: Some Linear Examples,† Journal of International Economics, Vol. 17, pp. 1–13. Krugman, Paul, 1979, â€Å"A Model of Balance of Payments Crises,† Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 11, pp. 311-325. Krugman, Paul, 1999, â€Å"Balance Sheets, The Transfer Problem, and Financial Crises,† in Flood, Robert, Isard, Peter, Razin, Assaf, and Rose, Andrew, eds. , International finance and financial crises: essays in honor of Robert P . Flood, Jr. , Kluwer. Krugman, Paul 2002, â€Å"Crises: the next generation† in Assaf Razin, Elhanan Helpman, and Efraim Sadka, eds. , Economic policy in the international economy: essays in honor of Assaf Razin, Cambridge. Obstfeld, Maurice; 1994, â€Å"The Logic of Currency Crises,† Cahiers Economiques et Monetaires, Bank of France, Vol. 43, pp. 189-213. Reinhart, Carmen and Rogoff, Kenneth 2009, This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, Princeton. Salant, Stephen and Henderson, Dale 1978, â€Å"Market Anticipations of Government Policies and the Price of Gold†, Journal of Political Economy 14

The Between Landscape And Christianity - 2156 Words

Complex and deep metaphors aren’t the only way Burnett gets her message of healing and life lessons across. Themes such as magic, health and spirituality, The relationship between landscape and Christianity, well-being, and Companionship are presented as well. Throughout the book, Burnett writes statements such as â€Å"There is Magic in there.† (Burnett 281) and transforms the omnipresence of magic into a theme. Colin demonstrates an absolute engrossment in the garden and it teaches him about the meaning of life and the work of life; as the story progresses, he becomes certain that he is going to live to be a man, and proposes that he â€Å"will grow up to be a great scientist who makes discoveries about magic!† (Burnett 285-286). Of course, in reality the only kind of scientist that studies â€Å"magic† in these terms would be a Christian Scientist. All throughout the novel, Burnett heavily inflects the tenet of both Christian Science and New Thought ide ology. Burnett even goes on to define magic as a form of life force or a force of nature; it enables Colin stand, and the flowers to work out of the earth, etc. It is also aligned with the Christian God, as Colin sings the Doxology (a Christian hymn) to offer thanks to the â€Å"magic†. This Christian affiliation is strengthened in a plethora of ways than can be found all throughout the book; one such being Mrs. Sowerby s (Dickon and Martha’s mother) description of magic as a kind of creator, which is present in all things, and may haveShow MoreRelatedWestern And Northern Hemispheres On The European Continent Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagessmall region, it is densely settled. There are four major landform regions found within Europe. Firstly, the European lowlands consist of a glaciated landscape with flat glacial lake beds. Examples of the European lowlands would be northern Germany, Poland, Estonia, and Holland. Secondly, the alpine mountain system is a glaciated mo untain landscape. 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